High tembiricha alloy inonziwo kupisa simba alloy. Zvinoenderana nechimiro chematrix, zvinhu zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: iron-based nickel-based uye chromium-yakavakirwa. Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzira, inogona kukamurwa kuita yakaremara superalloy uye cast superalloy.
Icho chinhu chakakosha mbishi zvinhu mumunda weaerospace. Icho chinhu chakakosha chepamusoro-tembiricha chikamu cheaerospace uye nendege yekugadzira injini. Inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira kamuri yekupisa, turbine blade, gwara rekutungamira, compressor uye turbine disk, turbine kesi uye zvimwe zvikamu. Iyo tembiricha yebasa renji ndeye 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Kushungurudzika uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anosiyana nezvikamu zvakashandiswa. Pane zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvemakanika, zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvimiro zvealloy. Ndiyo inogadzirisa chinhu chekuita, kuvimbika uye hupenyu hweinjini. Naizvozvo, superalloy ndeimwe yeakakosha mapurojekiti ekutsvagisa muminda yeaerospace uye kudzivirira kwenyika munyika dzakabudirira.
Iko kushandiswa kukuru kwe superalloys ndeiyi:
1. High tembiricha alloy nokuda combustion chamber
Kamuri yekupisa (inozivikanwawo seflame chubhu) yeaviation turbine injini ndeimwe yeakakosha epamusoro-tembiricha zvikamu. Sezvo mafuta atomization, mafuta uye gasi kusanganiswa uye mamwe maitiro anoitwa mukamuri yekupisa, tembiricha yepamusoro mukamuri yekupisa inogona kusvika 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, uye tembiricha yemadziro mukamuri yekupisa inogona kusvika 1100 ℃. Panguva imwecheteyo, inotakurawo kushushikana kwekupisa uye kushushikana kwegasi. Injini zhinji dzine high thrust/weight ratio dzinoshandisa annular combustion chamber, idzo dzine hurefu hupfupi uye kupisa kwakawanda. Iyo yakanyanya tembiricha mukamuri yekupisa inosvika 2000 ℃, uye tembiricha yemadziro inosvika 1150 ℃ mushure mefirimu regesi kana kutonhora kwemhepo. Makuru tembiricha gradients pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana anoburitsa kushushikana kwekupisa, uko kunosimuka nekudonha zvakanyanya kana mamiriro ekushanda achinja. Izvo zvinyorwa zvichave pasi pekuvhunduka kwekupisa uye kupisa kuneta mutoro, uye pachava nekukanganiswa, kuputika uye zvimwe zvikanganiso. Kazhinji, kamuri yekupisa inogadzirwa neshizha alloy, uye zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvinopfupikiswa sezvinotevera maererano nemamiriro ebasa ezvikamu zvakati: ine kumwe kupikisa oxidation uye kushomeka kwegasi pasi pemamiriro ekushandisa yakakwirira-tembiricha alloy uye gasi; Iine imwe pakarepo uye kutsungirira simba, kupisa kwekuita kuneta uye kuderera kwekuwedzera coefficient; Iyo ine zvakakwana plastiki uye weld kugona kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa, kuumba uye kubatana; Iine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwesangano pasi pemhepo inopisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakavimbika mukati mehupenyu hwebasa.
a. MA956 alloy porous laminate
Mukutanga nhanho, iyo porous laminate yakagadzirwa neHS-188 alloy shizha nekuparadzira bonding mushure mekutorwa mifananidzo, etched, grooved uye kurohwa. Iyo yemukati layer inogona kuitwa yakanakira kutonhora chiteshi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira. Ichi chimiro chekutonhodza chinongoda 30% yegasi rekutonhodza rechinyakare firimu kutonhora, iro rinogona kuvandudza kutenderera kutenderera kweinjini, kuderedza kupisa chaiko kwekutakura kwemidziyo yekamuri yekupisa, kuderedza huremu, uye kuwedzera kusimba. ratio. Parizvino, zvichiri kudikanwa kutyora tekinoroji yakakosha isati yaiswa mukushandisa. Iyo porous laminate yakagadzirwa neMA956 chizvarwa chitsva chemidziyo yekupisa yakaunzwa neUnited States, inogona kushandiswa pa1300 ℃.
b. Kushandiswa kweceramic composites mukamuri rinopisa
IUnited States yatanga kuongorora kukwanisa kwekushandisa ceramics ye turbines gasi kubva muna 1971. Muna 1983, mamwe mapoka akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvepamusoro muUnited States akagadzira nhevedzano yezviratidzo zvekushanda kwemagetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa mundege yepamusoro. Izvi zviratidzo ndezvi: kuwedzera turbine inlet tembiricha kusvika 2200 ℃; Kushanda pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwemakemikari kuverenga; Deredza kuwanda kunoshandiswa kune zvikamu izvi kubva pa8g/cm3 kusvika 5g/cm3; Kanzura kutonhora kwezvikamu. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa izvi, zvinhu zvakadzidzwa zvinosanganisira graphite, metal matrix, ceramic matrix composites uye intermetallic compounds kuwedzera kune imwe-phase ceramics. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) ine zvinotevera zvakanakira:
Iyo yekuwedzera coefficient yeceramic zvinhu idiki zvakanyanya pane iyo nickel-based alloy, uye kupfekedza kuri nyore kupepeta. Kugadzira zviumbwa zveceramic nesimbi yepakati inonzwa zvinogona kukunda kukanganisa kwekubhururuka, inova nzira yekusimudzira yemidziyo yekupisa kamuri. Ichi chinyorwa chinogona kushandiswa ne 10% - 20% mhepo inotonhorera, uye tembiricha yesimbi yekumashure insulation inongosvika 800 ℃, uye tembiricha inotakura kupisa yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yekutonhodza kwakasiyana uye kutonhora kwefirimu. Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic coating inodzivirira tile inoshandiswa muV2500 injini, uye danho rekusimudzira nderekutsiva B1900 (ine ceramic coating) tile neSiC-based composite kana anti-oxidation C/C inoumbwa. Ceramic matrix composite ndiyo yekusimudzira yekamuri yekupisa injini ine thrust huremu reshiyo ye15-20, uye tembiricha yayo yebasa i1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Inoshandiswa kune flame chubhu, madziro anoyangarara uye afterburner.
2. High tembiricha alloy nokuda turbine
Aero-injini turbine blade ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinotakura zvakanyanya kupisa tembiricha uye yakaipisisa nharaunda yekushanda muaero-injini. Inofanira kutakura kushushikana kukuru uye kwakaoma pasi pekushisa kwepamusoro, saka zvido zvayo zvenyama zvakanyanya kuoma. Iyo superalloys yeaero-injini turbine blades yakakamurwa kuita:
a.High tembiricha alloy yemutungamiri
Iyo deflector chimwe chezvikamu zveinjini yeturbine zvinonyanya kukanganiswa nekupisa. Kana kupisa kusina kuenzana kunoitika mukamuri rinopisa, mutoro wekupisa wechikamu chekutanga chekutungamira vane chikuru, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekukuvara kwevane mutungamiri. Kupisa kwayo kwesevhisi kunosvika 100 ℃ yakakwirira kupfuura yeturbine blade. Musiyano ndewekuti iyo static zvikamu hazvisi pasi pemuchina mutoro. Kazhinji, zviri nyore kukonzera kupisa kunetseka, kukanganisa, kupisa kuneta kutsemuka uye kupisa kwenzvimbo kunokonzerwa nekukurumidza kushanduka kwekushisa. Iyo inotungamira vane alloy ichave neinotevera zvivakwa: yakakwana yakakwirira tembiricha simba, kusingaperi kukambaira kuita uye yakanaka yekupisa kuneta kuita, yakakwira oxidation kuramba uye kupisa kwekupisa kuita, kushushikana kwekushisa uye kuramba vibration, bending deformation kugona, yakanaka yekukanda maitiro ekuumba kuita uye weldability, uye coating kudzivirira kuita.
Parizvino, mainjini epamberi ane yakakwira thrust / huremu reshiyo anoshandisa hollow cast blades, uye inotungamira uye imwe chete crystal nickel-based superalloys inosarudzwa. Injini ine yakakwira thrust-uremu reshiyo ine tembiricha yakakwira ye1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ uye inoda kuchengetedzwa nemafuta ekuvharisa. Iyo tembiricha yebasa reiyo blade alloy pasi pekutonhodza uye kuvhara mamiriro ekudzivirira inodarika 1100 ℃, iyo inoisa mberi zvitsva uye zvakakwirira zvinodiwa zvetembiricha density mutengo wegidhi blade zvinhu mune ramangwana.
b. Superalloys ye turbine blades
Turbine blades ndiwo akakosha anotakura kupisa-kutenderera zvikamu zveaero-injini. Tembiricha yavo yekushanda i50 ℃ - 100 ℃ yakaderera pane yekutungamira mablades. Vanotakura zvakanyanya centrifugal stress, vibration stress, thermal stress, airflow scouring nezvimwe zvinokonzeresa pazvinenge zvichitenderera, uye mamiriro ekushanda akashata. Hupenyu hwesevhisi hwezvinopisa zvinopisa zvikamu zveinjini ine yakakwira thrust / uremu reshiyo inodarika 2000h. Naizvozvo, iyo turbine blade alloy ichave neyakakura inokambaira uye kuputika simba pakupisa kwesevhisi, yakanaka yakakwirira uye yepakati tembiricha yakazara zvivakwa, senge yakakwira uye yakaderera kutenderera kuneta, kutonhora uye kupisa kuneta, kukwana plastiki uye kukanganisa kuoma, uye notch sensitivity; High oxidation resistance uye corrosion resistance; Yakanaka yekupisa conductivity uye yakaderera coefficient yekuwedzera mutsara; Kuita kwakanaka kwekukanda maitiro; Kugara kwenguva refu kwemaitiro kugadzikana, hapana TCP chikamu chekunaya patembiricha yebasa. Iyo yakashandiswa alloy inopfuura nematanho mana; Yakaremara alloy application inosanganisira GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, nezvimwe; Iko kushandiswa kwekukanda alloy kunosanganisira K403, K417, K418, K405, directionally solidified gold DZ4, DZ22, single crystal alloy DD3, DD8, PW1484, nezvimwewo. China's single crystal alloy DD3 neDD8 anoshandiswa zvakateerana mumaturbines eChina, turbofan engines, helikopta uye injini dzengarava.
3. High tembiricha alloy nokuda turbine disk
Iyo turbine dhisiki ndiyo yakanyanya kushushikana inotenderera inotakura chikamu cheinjini yeturbine. Kushanda tembiricha yevhiri flange yeinjini ine thrust uremu reshiyo ye8 uye 10 inosvika 650 ℃ uye 750 ℃, uye tembiricha yepakati pevhiri ingangoita mazana matatu ℃, ine mutsauko mukuru wekushisa. Munguva yekutenderera kwakajairika, inotyaira blade kuti itenderere nekumhanya kwakanyanya uye inotakura iyo yakanyanya centrifugal simba, kushushikana kwekupisa uye kushushikana kwekudengenyeka. Kutangira nekumira kwega kwega kutenderera, pakati pemavhiri. Huro, groove kuzasi uye rimu zvese zvinotakura zvinosangana zvakasiyana. Iyo alloy inodiwa kuti ive nepamusoro-soro goho simba, kukanganisa kuomarara uye kwete notch senitivity patembiricha yebasa; Low linear yekuwedzera coefficient; Imwe oxidation uye kusagadzikana kwemarara; Kuita kwakanaka kwekucheka.
4. Aerospace superalloy
Iyo superalloy muinjini yeroketi yemvura inoshandiswa semafuta injector panel yekamuri yekupisa mukamuri yekukanda; Turbine pombi gokora, flange, graphite rudder fastener, etc. High tembiricha alloy mu liquid rocket injini inoshandiswa semafuta chamber injector panel in thrust chamber; Turbine pombi elbow, flange, graphite rudder fastener, etc. GH4169 inoshandiswa sechinhu cheturbine rotor, shaft, shaft sleeve, fastener uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvinotakura zvikamu.
Iyo turbine rotor zvinhu zveAmerican liquid rocket injini inonyanya kusanganisira pombi yekupinda, turbine blade uye dhisiki. GH1131 alloy inonyanya kushandiswa muChina, uye turbine blade zvinoenderana nekupisa kwekushanda. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy uye Mar-M246 inofanira kushandiswa zvakatevedzana; Mavhiri disc zvinhu anosanganisira Inconel 718, Waspaloy, nezvimwewo GH4169 uye GH4141 integral turbines anonyanya kushandiswa, uye GH2038A inoshandiswa kune shaft injini.