Chiumbwa chekupisa kwakanyanya chinonziwo chiumbwa chekupisa. Zvichienderana nechimiro che matrix, zvinhu zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: chiumbwa che nickel chakavakirwa pa iron uye chiumbwa che chromium. Zvichienderana ne production mode, chinogona kukamurwa kuita chiumbwa che superalloy chakakanganisika uye chiumbwa che superalloy chakakandwa.
Chinhu chakakosha zvikuru mumunda wemuchadenga. Ndicho chinhu chakakosha chechikamu chekupisa kwakanyanya cheinjini dzemuchadenga nedzendege. Chinonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira imba yekubatidza, blade returbine, blade rekutungamira, compressor ne turbine disk, turbine case nezvimwe zvikamu. Kupisa kwekushanda kuri pakati pe600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Kushushikana nemamiriro ekunze zvinosiyana zvichienderana nezvikamu zvinoshandiswa. Kune zvinodiwa zvakasimba zvehunhu hwemakanika, hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari hwe alloy. Ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakushanda, kuvimbika uye hupenyu hweinjini. Saka, superalloy ndeimwe yemapurojekiti makuru ekutsvagisa munzvimbo dzemuchadenga nekudzivirira nyika munyika dzakabudirira.
Mashandisirwo makuru e superalloys ndeaya:
1. Chishandiso chekupisa chakakwira chekamuri rinopisa
Kamuri yekupisa (inozivikanwawo seflame tube) yeinjini ye turbine yendege ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha pakupisa kwepamusoro. Sezvo atomization yemafuta, kusanganisa mafuta negasi nezvimwe zvinhu zvichiitwa mukamuri yekupisa, kupisa kwakanyanya mukamuri yekupisa kunogona kusvika 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, uye tembiricha yemadziro mukamuri yekupisa inogona kusvika 1100 ℃. Panguva imwe chete, inotakurawo kushushikana kwekupisa uye kushushikana kwegasi. Mazhinji mainjini ane chiyero chepamusoro chekupinza/huremu anoshandisa makamuri ekupisa e annular, ane hurefu hupfupi uye kugona kupisa kwakanyanya. Tembiricha yepamusoro mukamuri yekupisa inosvika 2000 ℃, uye tembiricha yemadziro inosvika 1150 ℃ mushure mekutonhora kwegasi kana steam. Kupisa kukuru pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kuchaita kuti kupisa kuwedzere, izvo zvichakwira nekudonha zvakanyanya kana mamiriro ekushanda achinja. Zvinhu zvichave pasi pekupisa kuvhunduka uye thermal fatigue load, uye pachava nekukanganiswa, kutsemuka nezvimwe zvikanganiso. Kazhinji, imba yekubatidza inogadzirwa ne sheet alloy, uye zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvinopfupikiswa seizvi zvinoenderana nemamiriro ebasa ezvikamu zvakati: ine resistance yekuoxidation uye resistance yekuora kwegasi pasi pemamiriro ekushandisa alloy negasi rinopisa zvakanyanya; Ine simba rekukurumidza uye rinotsungirira, kushanda kwekuneta kwekupisa uye coefficient yakaderera yekuwedzera; Ine plasticity yakakwana uye kugona kweweld kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa, kugadzira uye kubatana; Ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwesangano pasi pe thermal cycle kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakavimbika mukati mehupenyu hwebasa.
a. MA956 alloy laminate ine maburi
Pakutanga, laminate ine maburi yakagadzirwa neHS-188 alloy sheet ne diffusion bonding mushure mekutorwa mifananidzo, kuchekwa, kuchekwa uye kubhoorwa. Chikamu chemukati chinogona kugadzirwa kuita nzira yekutonhodza yakakodzera zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira. Kutonhodza kwechimiro ichi kunoda 30% chete yegesi inotonhodza yefirimu yechinyakare, iyo inogona kuvandudza kushanda kwemhepo inodziya yeinjini, kuderedza simba rekutakura kupisa rechinhu chemukamuri chekupisa, kuderedza huremu, uye kuwedzera chiyero chekupinza nehuremu. Parizvino, zvichiri kudikanwa kushandisa tekinoroji yakakosha isati yashandiswa. Laminate ine maburi yakagadzirwa neMA956 chizvarwa chitsva chezvinhu zvemukamuri chekupisa zvakaunzwa neUnited States, zvinogona kushandiswa pa1300 ℃.
b. Kushandiswa kwemidziyo yeceramic mukamuri yekupisa
United States yakatanga kuona kuti kushandisa ceramics pakugadzira magasi turbines kubvira muna 1971 kunogona here. Muna 1983, mamwe mapoka ari mukugadzira zvinhu zvepamusoro muUnited States akagadzira zviratidzo zvekushanda kwemagasi turbines anoshandiswa mundege dzepamusoro. Zviratidzo izvi ndeizvi: kuwedzera tembiricha yekupinda muturbine kusvika 2200 ℃; Kushanda pasi pemamiriro ekupiswa kwemakemikari; Kuderedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pazvikamu izvi kubva pa8g/cm3 kusvika 5g/cm3; Kudzima kutonhora kwezvikamu. Kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa izvi, zvinhu zvakadzidzwa zvinosanganisira graphite, metal matrix, ceramic matrix composites uye intermetallic compounds pamwe ne single-phase ceramics. Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) ine zvakanakira zvinotevera:
Kuwanda kwekuwedzera kwezvinhu zveceramic kudiki pane kwe nickel-based alloy, uye coating yacho iri nyore kubvisa. Kugadzira ceramic composites ne intermediate metal felt kunogona kukunda kukanganisa kwekupwanyika, inova ndiyo nzira yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemukamuri yekupisa. Chinhu ichi chinogona kushandiswa ne10% - 20% yemhepo inotonhorera, uye tembiricha yesimbi back insulation ingori 800 ℃, uye tembiricha yekupisa yakaderera zvikuru pane yekutonhorera kwakasiyana-siyana uye kutonhora kwefirimu. Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic coating protective tile inoshandiswa muV2500 engine, uye nzira yekugadzirwa ndeyekutsiva B1900 (ne ceramic coating) tile ne SiC-based composite kana anti-oxidation C/C composite. Ceramic matrix composite chinhu chekugadzirwa kweinjini combustion chamber chine thrust weight ratio ye15-20, uye tembiricha yayo yebasa i1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Inoshandiswa kune flame tube, floating wall uye afterburner.
2. Chishandiso chekupisa chakakwira cheturbine
Chidimbu cheturbine cheAero-injini ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinotakura mutoro wakanyanya kupisa uye nzvimbo yakaipisisa yekushanda muinjini yeaero. Chinofanira kutakura kushushikana kukuru uye kwakaoma kana tembiricha yakakwira, saka zvinodiwa nezvinhu zvaro zvakaoma kwazvo. Ma superalloys emashizha eturbine eaero-injini akakamurwa kuita:
a.High tembiricha chiwanikwa chegwara
Deflector ndeimwe yezvikamu zveinjini yeturbine zvinonyanya kukanganiswa nekupisa. Kana kupisa kusina kuenzana kukaitika mukamuri yekupisa, mutoro wekupisa wevane yekutanga yegwara rekutungamira wakakura, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekukuvadzwa kwevane yekutungamira. Tembiricha yayo yebasa inenge 100 ℃ yakakwira kupfuura yebanga returbine. Musiyano ndewekuti zvikamu zvisingachinji hazvipinzwe mutoro wemakanika. Kazhinji, zviri nyore kukonzera kushushikana kwekupisa, kukanganiswa, kuputika kwekuneta kwekupisa uye kutsva kwenzvimbo kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwekupisa nekukurumidza. Alloy yevane yekutungamira inofanira kunge iine zvinhu zvinotevera: simba rakakwana rekupisa, kushanda zvakanaka kwekukambaira uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuneta kwekupisa, kuramba kwakanyanya kwekuoxidation uye kushanda kwekuora kwekupisa, kuramba kupisa nekudzungudza, kugona kukotama kwekuchinja, kushanda zvakanaka kwekuumba maitiro ekukanda uye kusveta, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekudzivirira kuputira.
Parizvino, mainjini epamusoro-soro ane huwandu hwepamusoro hwekupinza/kurema anoshandisa mablade akaumbwa nesimbi asina chinhu, uye masuperalloy anotungamira uye ane crystal nickel-based superalloys anosarudzwa. Injini ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwekupinza-kurema ine tembiricha yepamusoro ye1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ uye inoda kudzivirirwa nekupisa kwekupisa. Tembiricha yekushanda kweblade alloy pasi pemamiriro ekudzivirira ekutonhodza uye kuputira inodarika 1100 ℃, izvo zvinoisa pamberi zvinodiwa zvitsva uye zvakakwirira zvemutengo wekupisa wechinhu cheguide blade mune ramangwana.
b. Superalloys dzemashizha eturbine
Mabhandi eturbine ndiwo anonyanya kutenderera anotenderedza kupisa einjini dzeaero. Tembiricha yawo yekushanda yakaderera pa50 ℃ - 100 ℃ pane mabhandi ekutungamira. Ane centrifugal stress yakakura, vibration stress, thermal stress, airflow scouring nezvimwe zvinokanganisa pakutenderera, uye mamiriro ekushanda haana kunaka. Hupenyu hwekushanda hwezvikamu zvinopisa zveinjini zvine high thrust/weight ratio inopfuura 2000h. Nokudaro, turbine blade alloy inofanira kuva ne high creep resistance uye rupture strength pakupisa kwekushanda, zvakanaka high nepakati tembiricha yakazara, senge high nelow cycle fatigue, cold nehot fatigue, plasticity yakakwana uye impact toughness, uye notch sensitivity; High oxidation resistance uye corrosion resistance; Good thermal conductivity uye low coefficient of linear expansion; Good casting process performance; Long-term structure stability, no TCP phase precipitation pakupisa kwekushanda. Iyo inoshandiswa inopfuura nematanho mana; Deformed alloy applications dzinosanganisira GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, nezvimwewo; Kushandiswa kwesimbi yekukanda kunosanganisira K403, K417, K418, K405, gold solidified gold DZ4, DZ22, single crystal alloy DD3, DD8, PW1484, nezvimwewo. Parizvino, yakagadzirwa kusvika kuchizvarwa chechitatu che single crystal alloys. Single crystal alloy yeChina DD3 neDD8 dzinoshandiswa mumaturbine eChina, mainjini eturbofan, maherikoputa uye mainjini engarava.
3. Chishandiso chekupisa chakakwira chedhisiki re turbine
Turbo disk ndiyo inonyanya kutenderera injini yeturbine. Tembiricha yekushanda kwevhiri flange yeinjini ine chiyero chekuturika che 8 ne 10 chinosvika 650 ℃ ne 750 ℃, uye tembiricha yepakati pevhiri inenge 300 ℃, ine musiyano mukuru wetembiricha. Munguva yekutenderera kwakajairika, inosundira banga kuti ritenderere nekumhanya kwakanyanya uye ine simba guru re centrifugal, thermal stress uye vibration stress. Kutanga kwega kwega nekumira kunenge kuri cycle, wheel centre. Huro, groove bottom uye rim zvese zvine composite stress dzakasiyana. Alloy inodiwa kuti ive nesimba repamusoro rekukohwa, kusimba kwemhedzisiro uye kusava nekunzwa kwenotch patembiricha yebasa; Low linear expansion coefficient; Kudzivirira oxidation uye corrosion; Kucheka kwakanaka.
4. Superalloy yemuchadenga
Superalloy iri muinjini yeroketi yemvura inoshandiswa sepaneru yekuisa mafuta mukamuri yekupisa iri mukamuri yekupisa; Turbine pump elbow, flange, graphite rudder fastener, nezvimwewo. High temperature alloy iri muinjini yeroketi yemvura inoshandiswa sepaneru yekuisa mafuta mukamuri yekupisa; Turbine pump elbow, flange, graphite rudder fastener, nezvimwewo. GH4169 inoshandiswa sezvinhu zve turbine rotor, shaft, shaft sleeve, fastener nezvimwe zvikamu zvakakosha zvebhearing.
Zvinhu zvinoshandisa turbine rotor zveAmerican liquid rocket engine zvinonyanya kusanganisira intake pipe, turbine blade nedisk. GH1131 alloy inonyanya kushandiswa muChina, uye turbine blade inoenderana nekupisa kwekushanda. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy naMar-M246 zvinofanira kushandiswa zvakatevedzana; Zvinhu zve wheel disc zvinosanganisira Inconel 718, Waspaloy, nezvimwewo. GH4169 neGH4141 integral turbines dzinonyanya kushandiswa, uye GH2038A inoshandiswa kune injini shaft.